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聚众斗殴罪与非罪的法理分析/张生贵

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-08 00:46:52  浏览:8694   来源:法律资料网
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辩 护 词
(一审程序)
指控罪名:聚众斗殴
公诉机关:
委托人:
辩护人:张生贵 北京市天依律师事务所律师
庭审时间:2012年11月15日
庭审地点:法院刑事审判法庭

审判长、审判员、书记员:
   依据《刑事诉讼法》第三十二条、第三十五条规定,北京市天依律师事务所接受亲属的委托,征得被告本人同意,由本律师担任第一审程序被告人的辩护人,参加今天的庭审,经过阅卷和会见,辩护人对公诉人指控构成聚众斗殴罪的起诉提出异议,公诉书指控的罪名不能成立,从犯罪构成的角度,不足以认定构成聚众斗殴罪,主要理由和辩护意见如下,请予参考:
无罪辩护要点
理清案件本质特征;明确罪名划分界限;遵循司法解释意见;
正视同样案情不同样对待的错误;提供北京高检关于类案不构成聚罪的法理参照。
辩护路径:由“案”头到“人”头,先整体后具体。
第一:从全案分析
   1、聚众斗殴罪”的构成要件及法律特征与本案反映出的主观动机与本质特征明显不一致:
    “聚众斗殴”犯罪的构成要件:客体要件指向公共秩序,本质特征:行为人用聚众斗殴行为向社会挑战,形成对整个公共秩序的严重威胁,侵犯的是不特定的人或者不特定的公私财物。客观方面表现为纠集多人结伙殴斗。主观上具有公然藐视社会公德和国家法纪的心理状态。主观方面法律特征是:行为人出于争霸或者其他不正当目的而成伙结帮地殴斗。
    结合法理特征对照本案:全案证据证实情况是,事件起因于之前的5月13日,相对一方的人驾车堵住受害方歌厅大门阻止正常经营,受害方服务员报案后,派出所到场劝退相对一方的人,5月14日相对一方的人(以伤者为首)再次来到受害方歌厅闹事,被门口值班的门卫认出,用对讲机通知楼上的人员说:昨晚闹事的人又来了,让防着点。由此可见,受害方的服务员主观上是为了防范相对一方的人捣乱,各自分头有所准备,各自的主观动机均处于防范,没有组织指挥者,也不是为达到争强好斗、流氓活动的目的,主观心理上与聚众斗殴罪有本质区别。
   最高院司法指导意见强调,对民事纠纷引起的殴斗不能升格为聚众斗殴:
   本案是因相对一方的员工张某到受害方歌厅工作,引起相对一方的不满,相对一方的人员三番五次来到受害方挑事,过错明显在相对一方一方。虽然本案的发生具备“参加人员超过三人、持有械具、有受伤人员”三个外观现象,似乎与聚众斗殴的特征重合,这也是公诉方提出指控的主要理由所在,但是依据刑法犯罪构成要件判断,结合案发起因综合分析,起诉书的错误在于客观归罪。
   最高院司法解释对聚众斗殴的定性做出了两个明确的界限区分:一是“聚众斗殴罪”与“因民事纠纷”互相斗殴或者结伙械斗的界限,民事纠纷引起的殴斗,行为人不具有流氓犯罪的动机,不是流氓活动,因民事纠纷发生的互相斗殴或械斗中犯故意伤害罪(包括轻伤),构成轻伤就认定共同伤害罪。二是“聚众斗殴罪中的伤害行为”与“其他故意伤害罪中的伤害行为”界限:二者区别的根本标志在于犯罪动机。聚众斗殴中的伤害行为显著特点:伤害行为表现为称王称霸,充英雄好汉而惹事生非,与对方争个高低,为争夺"势力范围"而伤人的,才能定为聚众斗殴中的伤人行为。而其他故意伤害罪中的伤害行为具有明确的伤害对象,如果是临时起意伤害对方也往往是因为发生纠纷的原因和过错明显在对方一边,这种情况表现为双方有纠纷,责任不易分清。据此,最高院司法解释对于因民事经济纠纷等原因引起的殴斗,明确规定按照结果论处,造成伤害的只能按共同伤害处理,如此规定正是准确考查了行为人犯罪动机的不同。
   “聚众斗殴罪”从七九刑法一百六十条规定的“流氓罪”分离出来,虽然罪名有所更新,但两者具有沿革、承继关系,决定了对聚众斗殴罪本质特征的理解必然沿袭流氓罪的解释内容,成立聚众斗殴罪,要求具有无视公共秩序等流氓动机,聚众斗殴者在主观动机方面是为了证明自己的能力和胆量等。
   依据《最高人民法院 最高人民检察院关于当前办理流氓案件中具体应用法律的若干问题的解答》流氓罪属于妨害公共管理秩序罪。最高法、最高检关于“怎样区分流氓罪和与其相近似的其他犯罪的界限?”强调,因民事纠纷而互相斗殴甚至结伙械斗,不应按流氓罪处理。其中犯故意伤害罪(包括轻伤、重伤)或故意毁坏公私财物等罪的,是什么罪就定什么罪。《关于怎样认定和处理流氓集团的意见》第三部分 认定流氓集团应当注意区分的界限(四)群众之间因某些纠纷而引起多人互殴的,不构成流氓罪。
   司法实践表明,聚众斗殴行为是两方共同构成,单方不能构成聚众斗殴罪:
从主观上判断,双方都应该具有斗殴的故意,因为就“斗殴”一词的本意来说,是一种双向性的主动攻击行为,因此,任何一种单向的主动攻击行为都不能被称之为“斗殴”,更不能成立聚众斗殴罪。一方聚众攻击无斗殴故意的另一方,由此造成被害人伤害的,属于共同故意伤害,没有造成伤害后果的,根据治安管理处罚法给予行政处罚。
中国检察出版社2011年8月份出版的侦查监督业务指导从书第8个案例,选的是北京高检对类似本案的聚众斗殴罪的法理分析,认为不构成聚众斗殴罪,依据刑事司法实践,对于相同或类似的案件,在法理上不能作出过于悬殊的认定,否则就是罪刑不相当。
   
    4、侦查环节及起诉程序存在一降格一升格不公正对待的错误:
   从刑事侦查手续卷发现,无争议的基本事实是,相对方伤者电话召集刘洪光、苏泳齐到受害方闹事,刘某和苏某持有械具,侦查机关对李某定性为聚众斗殴,但起诉时降格为寻滋。对方的行为在客观上“同样是多人、同样持械、同样致人伤害”,而且对方的行为更为严重,头天晚上警方制止过,第二天晚上接着行动,造成五人轻微伤的后果,依据“聚众斗殴罪”的本质特征,根据聚众斗殴罪“同罪同罚”原则,必须同等追究,公诉方反而把受害的一方提格定性,同样的情况作不同样的对待,把主动到别人营业场所滋事,对矛盾的引起有主要过错者降格处理,于法于理不通。
   依照最高院司法解释规定,根据个案情况,将相对方作了降格处理,同样要给予另一方降格处理,达到罪格等同,不能仅仅因为李某受轻伤就降格(依照法律规定,受伤情节改变不了其所起的纠集、挑事的首要地位或作用)。不综合全案证据、不正视李某所起的纠集、结伙、挑事作用的客观事实的情况下,作出罪格不同的定性,不符合法律规定。
   既不能把仅仅符合轻罪构成的行为认定为重罪,也不能把没有齐备犯罪构成要件的行为,仅仅因为与某个法条所规定的个别显著特征相符合就机械套用该法条,简单地认定为犯罪。

第二、主观上、行为上不构成聚众斗殴罪
    
    1、无证据证明是首要分子,既没有“聚众”的主观故意,也不存在“组织、策划、指挥”的行为,起诉书将列为首要分子,属于错误指控:
    认定犯罪事实,必须以证据为根据,坚持证据裁判原则,一切都要靠证据说话,没有证据不得认定犯罪,存疑证据不能采信,只有这样才能确保认定的事实证据确实、充分。《刑法》第二百九十二条规定,构成聚众斗殴罪必须具有聚众和斗殴两个实行行为,本案被告人既不存在“聚众”行为,更不存在“斗殴”行为,指控不能成立。起诉书查明部分所述“被告人因琐事与伤者发生矛盾”的提法缺乏根据,与全案客观事实明显不符,应予纠正。
    本案被告人供述,自始致终没有授意行为,起诉指控为首要分子,缺乏组织、指挥领导聚众斗殴的证据。在主观上没有与对方争高低的动机,没有通谋其他人参与,更没有参加斗殴。
    案件发生的时点,在自己的办公室采取顶门措施,防范相对一方人员持械滋事者攻击,完全是为了维护本方的利益和安全,全案证据显示,被告人及其供职的歌厅实际上是受害方。
    关于聚众斗殴罪的刑法理论规定,明知自己的行为会扰乱公共秩序,希望这种结果发生的心理态度。被告人在主观上不存在故意扰乱公共秩序的明知或希望的主观动机。公诉方在确定指控首要对象时过于简单轻率,被告人不是受害方歌厅的业主,不具有组织指挥的权力,认识因素上,无法认识到又是聚众又是斗殴;意志因素上,也没有希望或放任危害公共秩序结果的发生。
    没有对任何人授意要对来人进行殴打,起诉书关于“授意”的认定缺乏证据,是先入为主,在缺乏证据支持情况下的主观推断,过早地把嫌疑对象定格为犯罪,背离证据客观性全面性要求,不符合刑事案件证据裁判原则。
    犯罪的认定离不开犯罪构成要件及构成要素的审查,犯罪的主观方面这一要件同样要有证据支持,刑事司法实践当中对主观方面的证据审查有明确的指导,主观方面是犯罪主体对所实施的犯罪行为及其危害结果的心里态度,犯罪主观方面是犯罪成立的主观基础,根据“主客观相统一”的原则,强调对于犯罪的认定不仅需要掌握客观行为的证据,还需要通过证据材料证明主观罪过,防止客观归罪。
    五月十五日案发时,受害方歌厅,同一时间有两个现场,同在四楼,有两处事件,一个在大厅,其他与李某对峙,另一个现场在歌厅办公室门口,相对一方的人持械打砸办公室门窗,在室内用凳子顶住房门自卫,根本没有组织、策划、指挥的任何机会和条件。
2、指控构成聚众斗殴犯罪,主观上及行为上均缺乏证据支持:
界定犯罪行为的性质,需要依托现有证据仔细研判,指控本罪时,检方没有依照刑法关于犯罪构成要件的规定,单凭三人以上就归入“聚众”,看到“持械”就纳入加重后果,没有重视研究全案客观事实,这是最常见也是最有害的认识误区,是客观归罪的具体表现,请法庭慎重审查。
    通过其他人供述得知,得到门口值班员门卫对讲机告诉相对一方的人进店的信息后,每个人自发形成防卫意识。自始至终没有言语指示,自己也采取防范措施,无法预知瞬间在楼道外面发生的打斗。
    《最高人民法院关于执行刑法中若干问题的初步经验总结》四、关于共同犯罪的问题(一)什么是共同犯罪,刑法第二十二条(修订后二十五条)规定,共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪,在审判实践中,认定共同犯罪的条件是:共同犯罪人在主观上具有共同犯罪的故意,在客观上具有共同犯罪的行为。起诉书指控授意这一环节没有证据,其他人的供述也没有表明是受到被告人的授意而聚众斗殴,共同故意犯罪的证据链条不能成立。
    如果能查清殴打李某致左腿腓骨轻伤的具体人员的,只对加害人定罪处罚,防止将共同伤害行为简单升格为聚众斗殴行为。
    综上,请求法庭严格掌握聚众斗殴行为的定罪标准,防止客观归罪,使无罪的人受到刑事追究。
     辩护人:张生贵 北京市天依律师事务所律师
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防治传染性非典型肺炎医学观察点管理办法

辽宁省沈阳市卫生局


防治传染性非典型肺炎医学观察点管理办法


  第一条 为进一步加强我市传染性非典型肺炎(以下简称“非典”)防治工作,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 市“非典”防治工作领导小组决定在部分医疗机构、宾馆、招待所设立防治“非典”医学观察点。

  医学观察点是对与“非典”病人或疑似病人有密切接触人员进行医学观察的场所。医学观察对象由疾病预防控制机构确认。

  第三条 医学观察点由各区、县(市)政府负责设立并管理,经市非典型肺炎防治工作领导小组审验合格后启用。

  第四条 医学观察点应设在便于封闭、通风良好的场所。其医学观察区与工作区应隔离,房间数量不少于50间,每个房间应设有卫生间。

  第五条 医学观察点要派驻医疗小组和配备足够数量的医疗、防护、消毒设施、用品。医护人员必须24小时在岗。医学观察点应严格按照《辽宁省医学观察场所预防控制传染性非典型肺炎技术规范》进行消毒。医学观察点的医护及工作人员要实行严格的自身防护措施。医学观察点的生活垃圾、医学观察对象遗弃物品应进行专门处理。医学观察对象的生活用品不得交叉使用,洗涤衣物应采取分离措施。

  第六条 医学观察点实行医学观察对象一人一间的隔离措施(同一家庭人员除外)。医学观察对象与他人接触时须戴口罩;其活动范围限制在本人房间内。

  第七条 医学观察点应为医学观察对象提供送餐服务。配餐要保证营养均衡,品种多样,能满足医学观察对象单点单做或其他特殊饮食要求,就餐必须使用一次性餐具。

  第八条 医学观察对象入住时须填写《健康申报表》并每日测量体温。医学观察点医护人员应为医学观察对象建立《医学观察记录》。

  第九条 医学观察对象的医学观察期为两周。需要提前解除或延长医学观察期的,由疾病预防控制机构认定,卫生行政部门解除。观察期满未发现“非典”病症并未接触有疑似病症人员者,由驻点医生签发《健康证明》,停止医学观察。

  医学观察对象的《健康申报表》、《医学观察记录》和《健康证明》(存根)应由医学观察点保存三个月。
 
  第十条 医学观察对象在医学观察期间出现“非典”病症或无法确认的发热时,应立即转送指定医疗机构。与其密切接触的其他医学观察对象应重新计算医学观察时间。

  第十一条 医学观察点要严格执行物价部门核定的物价标准,不得涨价或降低服务标准。

  第十二条 医学观察点由区、县、(市)政府派出专门工作机构进行管理,负责向医学观察点派驻医疗小组提供医疗服务,并指定一家医院配合工作;负责派驻警力对医学观察点封闭;负责对医学观察点工作人员进行消毒、自身防护等相关知识的培训;负责对医学观察点提供防护用品、消毒用品、医疗用品、生活用品等物资保障;负责对医学观察点的设立及运转情况进行检查和监督。
第十三条 设立医学观察点的单位应每日填写《医学观察点情况统计表》,报市非典型肺炎防治工作领导小组。

  第十四条 本办法自发布之日起施行。




                   二○○三年五月三日


上海外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构管理办法(附英文)

人民银行


上海外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构管理办法(附英文)
人民银行


一九九0年九月七日国务院批准
第一章 总则
第一条 为了适应上海市对外开放和经济发展的需要,加强和完善外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的管理,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构是指依照本办法和中华人民共和国其他法律、法规的规定,经批准设立、登记注册和营业的下列机构:
(一)总行设在上海市的外国资本的银行(以下简称外资银行);
(二)外国资本的银行在上海市设立的分行(以下简称外资银行分行);
(三)外国资本的金融机构同中国资本的金融机构在上海市合资经营的银行(以下简称合资银行);
(四)外国资本的金融机构同中国资本的金融机构在上海市合资经营的财务公司(以下简称合资财务公司)。
第三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法规,其正当业务活动和合法权益受中华人民共和国法律保护。
第四条 中国人民银行是审批、管理和监督外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的主管机关;中国人民银行授权上海市分行对外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构进行日常管理和监督。

第二章 设立与登记
第五条 申请设立外资银行应当具备下列条件:
(一)投资者为金融机构;
(二)在中国境内已经设立代表机构三年以上;
(三)申请设立外资银行前一年年末资产总额在一百亿美元以上。
第六条 申请设立外资银行分行应当具备下列条件:
(一)在中国境内已经设立代表机构三年以上;
(二)申请设立外资银行分行前一年年末资产总额在二百亿美元以上;
(三)其所在国或者地区有完善的金融监管制度。
第七条 申请设立合资银行、合资财务公司应当具备下列条件:
(一)合资各方均为金融机构;
(二)外方投资者在中国境内设有代表机构。
第八条 设立外资银行,应当由投资者向中国人民银行提出申请,并提交下列证件、资料:
(一)设立外资银行的申请书,其内容包括:拟设银行的名称,注册资本和实收资本额,申请经营的业务种类等;
(二)可行性研究报告;
(三)最近三年的资产、负债状况的报告及有关证明文件;
(四)拟设银行的章程草案;
(五)所在国或者地区有关主管当局核发给投资者的营业执照(副本);
(六)中国人民银行要求提交的其他证件、资料。
第九条 设立外资银行分行,应当由其总行向中国人民银行提出申请,并提交下列证件、资料:
(一)由董事长或者总经理签署的申请书,其内容包括:拟设分行的名称,总行拨给的营运资金数额,申请经营的业务种类等;
(二)最近三年的年报;
(三)所在国或者地区有关主管当局核发给申请设立分行的银行的营业执照(副本);
(四)中国人民银行要求提交的其他证件、资料。
第十条 设立合资银行或者合资财务公司,应当由合资各方共同向中国人民银行提出申请,并提交下列证件、资料:
(一)设立合资机构的申请书,其内容包括:拟设合资机构的名称,合资各方名称,注册资本和实收资本额,合资各方出资比例,申请经营的业务种类等;
(二)合资各方共同编制的可行性研究报告;
(三)由合资各方授权代表草签的合资经营协议、合同以及拟设机构的章程草案;
(四)合资各方最近三年的资产、负债状况的报告及有关证明文件;
(五)所在国或者地区有关主管当局核发给合资各方的营业执照(副本);
(六)中国人民银行要求提交的其他证件、资料。
第十一条 本办法第八、九、十条中所列证件、资料,除年报外,凡用外文书写的,均须附具中文译本。
第十二条 设立申请经中国人民银行审查同意后,发给申请者正式申请表。
正式申请表填写后,向中国人民银行提出正式申请,申请文件包括:
(一)由申请者法定代表或者授权代表签字的正式申请表(一式三份);
(二)拟设机构主要负责人名单和简历;
(三)对拟任该机构主要负责人的授权书;
(四)设立外资银行分行的,其总行对该分行承担税务、债务的责任担保书;
(五)其他资料。
第十三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当在接到中国人民银行批准证书后三十天内,依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规规定,向工商行政管理机关办理登记注册,领取营业执照,并应当依法自开业之日起三十天内向税务机关办理税务登记。
第十四条 已经批准的外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当在领取营业执照后,向国家外汇管理局申领《经营外汇业务许可证》。
第十五条 已经批准的外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构自接到中国人民银行批准证书之日起十二个月内未营业者,原批准文件自动失效。
第十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构有下列情况之一的,须经中国人民银行核准:
(一)投资股本的调整、转让;
(二)变更营业场所;
(三)更换董事长(副董事长)、行长(副行长)、总经理(副总经理)、分行长(副分行长);
(四)在境外设立分支机构。

第三章 注册资本和营运资金
第十七条 外资银行、合资银行的最低注册资本为三千万美元等值的自由兑换货币,合资财务公司的最低注册资本为二千万美元等值的自由兑换货币;其实收资本均不得低于其注册资本的50%。
外资银行分行应当由其总行专门拨给不少于一千万美元等值的自由兑换货币的营运资金。
第十八条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当在接到中国人民银行批准证书之后三十天内,筹足其实收资本或者营运资金,由中国注册会计师验证并出具证明。
第十九条 外资银行、合资银行、合资财务公司须每年从其税后净利润中提取25%的资金补充资本金,直至其实收资本加储备金的总额达到其注册资本的二倍。
外资银行分行须每年将税后净利润的25%保留在中国境内,用以补充营运资金,直至该保留盈利等于该行营运资金。

第四章 业务范围
第二十条 根据申请,中国人民银行批准外资银行、合资银行、外资银行分行经营下列业务的部分或者全部:
(一)外币存款;
(二)外币放款;
(三)外币票据贴现;
(四)外币投资;
(五)外币汇款;
(六)外汇担保;
(七)进出口结算;
(八)自营或者代客买卖外汇;
(九)外币有价证券买卖;
(十)代理外币及外币票据兑换;
(十一)代理外币信用卡付款;
(十二)保管及保管箱;
(十三)资信调查和咨询;
(十四)经批准的其他业务。
第二十一条 根据申请,中国人民银行批准合资财务公司经营下列业务的部分或者全部:
(一)外币放款;
(二)外币票据贴现;
(三)外币投资;
(四)外汇担保;
(五)外币有价证券买卖;
(六)资信调查和咨询;
(七)外币信托;
(八)每笔不少于十万美元、期限为三个月以上的外币存款;
(九)经批准的其他业务。
第二十二条 本章所称外币存款是指以外币表示的下列存款:
(一)境内外同业存款;
(二)境外的非同业存款;
(三)中国境内的外国人的存款;
(四)华侨和香港、澳门、台湾同胞的存款;
(五)外商投资企业存款;
(六)外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构对非外商投资企业贷款的转存款;
(七)经批准的其他存款。
第二十三条 外资银行、合资银行、外资银行分行在办理进出口结算业务时,服务对象为境内外商投资企业和有进出口经营权的非外商投资企业。但办理非外商投资企业的进口结算业务的,该项进口所需资金应当来自本银行的贷款。

第五章 业务管理
第二十四条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构经营存款业务,应当向中国人民银行上海市分行缴存存款准备金,其比率由中国人民银行制定,并根据需要进行调整。存款准备金不计利息。
第二十五条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构对一个企业及其关联企业的放款,不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的30%,但经中国人民银行特许的除外。
第二十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的投资总额不得超过其实收资本加储备金额的30%,但经中国人民银行批准投资于金融企业的除外。
第二十七条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的总资产不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的二十倍。
第二十八条 外资银行分行的营运资金的30%应当以中国人民银行指定的生息资产形式存在,包括在中国人民银行指定的银行存款等。
第二十九条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的房地产不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的25%,其他固定资产不得超过其实收资本加储备金总额的15%。
第三十条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当确保其资产的流动性。
第三十一条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构从中国境内吸收的存款不得超过该机构在中国境内的总资产的40%。
第三十二条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当按规定保留适当的呆帐准备金。
第三十三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的外币存、放款利率及各种手续费率,通过同业公会协商确定或者参照国际市场行情制定,报中国人民银行上海市分行核准。
第三十四条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构依法纳税后的利润,应当按照规定提取储备基金、职工奖励基金、福利基金和企业发展基金。
第三十五条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当至少聘用一名中国公民为高层管理人员。
外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的高层管理人员不得兼任其他经济组织的重要职务。
第三十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当固定聘用中国注册会计师,并经中国人民银行上海市分行认可。

第六章 监督检查
第三十七条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构应当建立完善的内部稽核制度,增强自我约束的能力。
第三十八条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构须按规定向中国人民银行报送财务和业务报表。
第三十九条 中国人民银行及其上海市分行有权检查、稽核外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的业务和财务状况。

第七章 解散与清算
第四十条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构自行终止业务活动,须在终止前三十天以书面形式向中国人民银行提出申请,经中国人民银行批准后予以解散并进行清算。
第四十一条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构无力偿付其债务的,中国人民银行可令其停业,限期清理。在清理期限内,已恢复偿付能力的机构,需要复业的,须向中国人民银行提出申请。
第四十二条 自行终止业务活动和依法被停业的外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构,其解散和清算事项,须按照中华人民共和国有关规定办理。
第四十三条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构进行清理,须在依法缴清税款和清偿全部债务后,方可退还股本、分配股利。
第四十四条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构清算完毕,应当在规定期限内向原登记机关办理注销登记。

第八章 罚则
第四十五条 违反本办法第二章规定,擅自设立外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构的,中国人民银行有权责令其停业,没收其非法所得,处以五万元以上、十万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十六条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法第四章规定,超越批准业务范围从事经营的,中国人民银行及其上海市分行有权责令其停止所超越部分的经营活动,依法没收其超越部分的非法所得,处以一万元以上、五万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十七条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法第五章规定,中国人民银行及其上海市分行有权责令其纠正、调整或者补足,并根据情节处以五千元以上、三万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十八条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法第六章规定,未按期报送报表或者抗拒监督检查的,中国人民银行及其上海市分行可视其情节给予警告、通报或者处以三千元以上、一万元以下人民币等值外汇的罚款。
第四十九条 外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反本办法,情节严重的,中国人民银行可责令其停业直至撤销机构。
外资金融机构、中外合资金融机构违反其他法律、法规的,由有关主管机关依法予以处罚。

第九章 附则
第五十条 本办法对华侨资本和香港、澳门、台湾地区资本的金融机构,比照适用。
第五十一条 本办法发布施行前,已在上海市的外资银行分行,应当依照本办法的规定补办设立和登记手续;不符合本办法有关规定的,由中国人民银行上海市分行指定期限令其调整。
第五十二条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。中国人民银行可以根据本办法制定具体规定。
第五十三条 本办法自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

MEASURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN-CAPITAL FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS INTHE SHANGHAI MUNICIPALITY

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

MEASURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN-CAPITAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS AND CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN
THE SHANGHAI MUNICIPALITY
(Approved by the State Council on September 7, 1990 and promul-
gated by Decree No. 2 of the People's Bank of China on September 8, 1990)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These Measures are formulated for the purpose of meeting the needs of
opening to the outside world and the economic development of the Shanghai
Municipality, strengthening and perfecting the administration of foreign-
capital financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institutions.
Article 2
The term "foreign-capital financial institutions and Chinese-foreign
equity joint financial institutions", referred to in these Measures,
denotes the following institutions which are established with approval and
registered to engage in business operations in accordance with these
Measures and with the pertinent provisions of other laws and regulations
of the People's Republic of China:
1) foreign-capital banks with their head offices established in the
Shanghai Municipality (hereinafter referred to as "foreign bank");
2) branches of foreign banks established in the Shanghai Municipality
(hereinafter referred to as "foreign branch bank");
3) banks established in the Shanghai Municipality with joint capital and
operation by foreign financial institutions and Chinese financial
institutions (hereinafter referred to as "joint bank"); and
4) financial companies established in the Shanghai Municipality with joint
capital and operation by foreign financial institutions and Chinese
financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as "joint financial
company").
Article 3
Foreign-capital financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institutions shall abide by the laws and regulations of the
People's Republic of China and their legitimate business activities and
lawful rights and interests shall be protected by Chinese laws.
Article 4
The People's Bank of China is the competent authority in charge of
examining and approving, administering, and supervising foreign-capital
financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institutions. The People's Bank of China authorizes its Shanghai Branch to
exercise day-to-day administration and supervision of foreign-capital
financial institutions and Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institutions.

Chapter II Establishment and Registration

Article 5
Any party applying for the approval to set up a foreign bank shall satisfy
the following requirements:
1) the investor is a financial institution;
2) the applicant has a representative office of more than three years'
standing inside China; and
3) the applicant possesses total assets of more than US$ 10 billion at the
end of the year prior to the submission of such an application.
Article 6
Any party applying for the approval to set up a foreign branch bank shall
satisfy the following requirements:
1) the applicant has a representative office of more than three years'
standing inside China;
2) the applicant possesses total assets of more than US$ 20 billion at the
end of the year prior to the submission of such an application; and
3) in the home country or region of the applicant, there is a sound system
for financial administration and supervision.
Article 7
Parties applying for the approval to set up a joint bank or a joint
financial company shall satisfy the following requirements:
1) each investing party to a joint bank or joint financial company is a
financial institution; and
2) the foreign investor has a representative office inside China.
Article 8
For a foreign bank to be set up, the foreign investor shall apply to the
People's Bank of China and submit the following documents and data:
1) an application for the establishment thereof, which shall include the
name of the intended bank, the registered capital and the amount of the
paid-in capital, and the types of business operations the bank intends to
engage in;
2) a feasibility study report;
3) the statements of assets and liabilities of the investor during the
three successive years prior to the submission of such an application,
together with the relevant certifying documents;
4) the draft articles of association of the intended bank;
5) a copy of the business licence of the investor approved and issued by
the competent authority concerned in the home country or region of the
investor; and
6) other documents and data as required by the People's Bank of China.

Article 9
For a foreign branch bank to be set up, the head office of the foreign
bank concerned shall apply to the People's Bank of China and submit the
following documents and data: 1) an application duly signed by the
chairman of the board of directors or the general manager of the bank,
which shall include the name of the intended branch bank, the amount of
operating funds approved and allocated by the head office, and the types
of business operations the branch bank intends to engage in;
2) annual reports for the three successive years prior to the submission
of such an application;
3) a copy of the business licence of the applying bank approved and issued
by the competent authorities of the home country or region of the applying
bank; and 4) other documents and data as required by the People's Bank of
China.
Article 10
For a joint bank or a joint financial company to be set up, all the
parties thereto shall jointly apply to the People's Bank of China and
submit the following documents and data:
1) an application for the establishment thereof, which shall include the
name of the intended joint financial institution, the name of each
investing party thereto, the registered capital and the amount of the
paid-in capital, the respective percentage of contributions by the
parties, and the types of business operations the joint financial
institution intends to engage in;
2) a feasibility study report jointly prepared by the parties thereto;
3) the agreement, the contract and the draft articles of association of
the joint financial institution initialled by the authorized
representative of each of the parties thereto;
4) the statements of assets and liabilities of each of the parties thereto
during the three successive years prior to the submission of such an
application, together with relevant supporting documents;
5) copies of the respective business licences of all the parties thereto
approved and issued by the competent authorities concerned of the home
country or region of each of the parties; and
6) other documents and data as required by the People's Bank of China.

Article 11
Any of the documents and data prescribed in Articles 8, 9 and 10 of these
Measures, with the exception of the annual reports, if written in a
foreign language, shall be submitted together with a Chinese translation
thereof.
Article 12
After the application for the approval of such establishment has been
examined and approved by the People's Bank of China, an official
application form shall be issued to the applicant(s).
The applicant(s) shall, after filling in the official application form,
formally apply to the People's Bank of China and shall submit the
following documents for the application:
1) the official application form duly signed by the legal
representative(s) of the applicant(s) or the representative(s) authorized
by the applicant(s) (which shall be submitted in triplicate);
2) a list of the principal persons in charge of the institution to be set
up and their respective curriculum vitae;
3) power(s) of attorney for the principal persons in charge of the
institution; 4) where a foreign branch bank is to be set up, letters of
undertaking issued by the head office assuming for its branch office the
obligations for tax payment and debt repayment; and
5) other relevant data.

Article 13
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall, within 30 days of receipt of the certificate
of approval issued by the People's Bank of China, undertake the procedures
of registration for the issuance of business licence with the
administrative department for industry and commerce in accordance with the
pertinent laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China and
shall, within 30 days of commencement of business operations, undertake
the procedures for tax registration with the tax authorities in accordance
with the law.
Article 14
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution whose establishment has been approved shall, after
obtaining the business licence, apply to the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange Control for the approval and issuance of a Licence for
Business Operations in Foreign Exchange.
Article 15
In the event that a foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-
foreign equity joint financial institution should fail to commence its
business operations within 12 months of receipt of the certificate of
approval issued by the People's Bank of China, the certificate of approval
shall automatically become null and void.
Article 16
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall apply to the People's Bank of China for
verification and approval in respect of any one of the following items:
1) adjustment and transfer of the investment capital stock;
2) change of the business site;
3) change of the chairman (or the vice-chairman) of the board of
directors, or the president (or the vice-president), the general manager
(or the deputy general manager), or the president (or vice-president) of a
branch office; and
4) establishment of a branch office outside China.

Chapter III Registered Capital and Operating Funds

Article 17
The minimum amount of the registered capital of a foreign bank or a joint
bank shall be freely convertible currencies equivalent to US$ 30 million.
The minimum amount of the registered capital of a joint financial company
shall be freely convertible currencies equivalent to US$ 20 million. Their
respective paid-in capital shall be no less than 50 percent of their
respective registered capital.
A foreign branch bank shall be allocated as its operating funds by its
head office a sum of freely convertible currencies equivalent to not less
than US$ 10 million.
Article 18
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall, within 30 days of receipt of the certificate
of approval issued by the People's Bank of China, raise in full the paid-
in capital operating funds, which shall be verified by a Chinese
registered accountant, who shall, upon verification, issue a certificate
to that effect.
Article 19
Each year, a foreign bank, a joint bank, or a joint financial company
shall allocate 25 percent of its after-tax net profit as supplementary
capital until the total amount of the paid-in capital and reserve funds is
twice that of the registered capital. Each year, a foreign branch bank
shall keep 25 percent of its after-tax net profit inside China to
supplement its operating funds until the kept profit is equal to its
operating funds.

Chapter IV Business Scope

Article 20
The People's Bank of China shall, based on the application submitted to
it, grant permission to a foreign bank, a joint bank, or a foreign branch
bank to engage in part or all of the following business operations:
1) deposits in foreign currencies;
2) loans in foreign currencies;
3) discounts of negotiable instruments in foreign currencies;
4) investments in foreign currencies;
5) remittances in foreign currencies;
6) guarantees of foreign exchange;
7) import and export settlement;
8) buying and selling of foreign exchange on its own account or on
customers' account; 9) buying and selling of securities in foreign
currencies;
10) acting as an agent for the exchange of foreign currencies and for the
cashing of negotiable instruments in foreign currencies;
11) acting as an agent for payments against credit cards in foreign
currencies; 12) custody and safe deposit box services;
13) credit and financial standing investigation and consultancy services;
and 14) other services approved.
Article 21
The People's Bank of China shall, based on the application submitted to
it, grant permission to a joint financial company to engage in part or all
of the following business operations:
1) loans in foreign currencies;
2) discounts of negotiable instruments in foreign currencies;
3) investments in foreign currencies;
4) guarantees of foreign exchange;
5) buying and selling of securities in foreign currencies;
6) credit and financial standing investigations and consultancy services;
7) trust in foreign currencies;
8) deposits in foreign currencies with each deposit amounting to not less
than US$ 100,000 for period of no less than three months; and
9) other services approved.
Article 22
The terms "deposits in foreign currencies" referred to in this Chapter
denotes the following deposits denominated in foreign currencies:
1) interbank deposits inside and outside China;
2) non-interbank deposits outside China;
3) deposits by foreigners inside China;
4) deposits by overseas Chinese and by compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao
and Taiwan; 5) deposits by enterprises with foreign investment;
6) deposits of loans granted by foreign-capital financial institutions or
Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institutions to enterprises other
than those with foreign investment; and
7) other kinds of deposits approved.

Article 23
In handling import and export settlement, foreign banks, joint banks or
foreign branch banks shall offer services only to enterprises with foreign
investment and those enterprises other than those with foreign investment
which are authorized to engage in import and export operations. But with
respect to import settlement with enterprises other than those with
foreign investment, the funds needed for the import in question shall have
come from the loans of the bank which is handling the settlement.

Chapter V Management of Business

Article 24
A foreign-capital institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institution which engages in deposit business operations shall place
deposit reserves with the Shanghai Branch of the People's Bank of China.
The ratios of the reserves as against various deposits shall be determined
by the People's Bank of China and shall be adjusted in accordance with the
actual needs. Such deposit reserves shall be interest-free.
Article 25
The total amount of loans which a foreign-capital financial institution or
a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution grants to any one
enterprise and its associated enterprises may not exceed 30 percent of the
sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves, with the
exception of loans specially approved by the People's Bank of China.
Article 26
The total amount of investments by a foreign-capital financial institution
or by a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution may not exceed
30 percent of the sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves,
with the exception of investments in financial enterprises approved by the
People's Bank of China.
Article 27
The total assets of a foreign-capital financial institution or of a
Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution may not exceed 20 times
the sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves.
Article 28
30 percent of the operating funds of a foreign branch bank shall be put by
in the form of interest-bearing assets as prescribed by the People's Bank
of China, which shall include depositing the said funds in a bank or banks
designated by the People's Republic of China.
Article 29
Real estate owned by a foreign-capital financial institution or by a
Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution may not exceed 25
percent of the sum total of its paid-in capital and its total reserves;
its other assets may not exceed 15 percent thereof.
Article 30
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall ensure the mobility of its assets.
Article 31
The total amount of deposits by sources inside China in a foreign-capital
financial institution or in a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial
institution may not exceed 40 percent of its total assets inside China.

Article 32
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall maintain proper reserves for bad debts in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 33
The interest rates of deposits and loans of a foreign-capital financial
institution or of a Chinese-foreign equity joint financial institution and
the various service charges shall be determined by the Bankers'
Association through consultation or be fixed in the light of the
international market and shall be submitted to the Shanghai Branch of the
People's Bank of China for approval.
Article 34
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions,
draw the reserve fund, the staff bonus fund, the welfare fund and the
enterprise development fund from the profit after tax paid in accordance
with the law.
Article 35
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution shall engage at least one Chinese citizen as member
of its senior managerial body. The senior managerial personnel of a
foreign-capital financial institution or of a Chinese-foreign equity joint
financial institution may not concurrently hold important positions in any
other economic organizations.
Article 36
A foreign-capital financial institution or a Chinese-foreign equity joint

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